A Russian jet-powered drone struck a crowded railway platform in the Ukrainian city of Dnipro on Thursday, killing at least 14 people and injuring 14 others. The attack has renewed questions about the protection of civilian transport infrastructure and Ukraine’s ability to defend its cities against increasingly varied aerial threats.

At least 14 people were killed when a Russian drone struck the main railway station in Dnipro on 29 October, hitting a platform where passengers were waiting beside two trains.

The attack took place at approximately 11am local time, according to Ukrainian officials, and struck an area occupied by a commuter train and a scheduled passenger service.

Ukraine’s state railway operator, Ukrzaliznytsia, said the drone hit the platform where train No. 866, operating between Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia, was standing.

The number of fatalities was subsequently confirmed by Oleksandr Hanzha, head of the Dnipropetrovsk regional military administration.

Fourteen people were also reported injured, including an 11-year-old boy. Six of the wounded were in serious condition, with medical personnel treating multiple shrapnel injuries.

The attack occurred despite an elevated warning of aerial danger.

Ukrzaliznytsia reported that passengers remained on the platform when the drone struck, raising questions about the practical difficulties of evacuating busy railway stations during air-raid alerts.

A Drone Penetrates Ukraine’s Air Defences

According to Ukraine’s Air Force, Russian forces launched four jet-powered attack drones towards Dnipropetrovsk region.

Three were intercepted by Ukrainian air defences, while the fourth struck the railway platform.

The use of jet-powered unmanned aircraft is significant because these systems present different interception challenges from the slower propeller-driven drones frequently used in Russian attacks.

Their speed can reduce the time available for detection, identification and engagement, particularly when an attack is directed towards an urban area with substantial civilian activity.

The circumstances of the Dnipro strike nevertheless require further investigation, including the precise drone model, its flight path and the conditions under which the aircraft penetrated Ukrainian defences.

The railway operator’s account indicates that the platform was crowded when the attack occurred.

Dnipro Mayor Borys Filatov described the incident as a tragedy and emphasised that the victims were ordinary civilians using public transport.

Emergency services, police and medical teams were deployed to the station, where rescuers treated the injured and recovered the bodies of those killed.

Railways Remain Essential to Ukraine

Ukraine’s railway network has retained considerable importance throughout Russia’s full-scale invasion, which began in February 2022.

With civilian air transport severely restricted, trains provide a principal means of travelling between cities and moving people away from areas exposed to military operations.

Rail services also support the movement of humanitarian supplies, commercial goods and essential equipment.

Dnipro is especially important because of its position in central-eastern Ukraine and its transport connections with areas nearer the front line.

The route towards Zaporizhzhia serves a population that has experienced repeated attacks and displacement during the war.

Disruption to railway services therefore affects more than transport schedules. It can interfere with access to employment, medical treatment, family networks and evacuation routes.

Railway infrastructure may also have military logistical functions, but this does not remove the legal protections afforded to civilians and civilian objects under international humanitarian law.

The law requires parties to distinguish between military objectives and civilians, and prohibits indiscriminate attacks.

Whether a particular strike constitutes a violation depends on evidence concerning the target, intended military advantage, precautions taken and foreseeable civilian harm.

Ukrainian authorities have characterised the Dnipro attack as an assault on civilians. Russia had not provided a substantiated explanation for the specific strike in the reporting available on Thursday.

Further Fatalities Across Ukraine

The attack formed part of a wider series of Russian strikes against Ukrainian cities on 29 October.

In Chernihiv, two teenage girls were killed in an attack on a central street, while an additional strike in Kremenchuk killed three people at a residential building.

The incidents brought the reported death toll from these attacks to at least 19.

They occurred as a temporary localised ceasefire around Russian-occupied Oleshky, in Kherson region, continued to permit preparations for humanitarian assistance.

The contrast illustrates the limited geographical scope of the Oleshky arrangement.

Although the ceasefire offers an opportunity to deliver supplies to civilians trapped by the fighting, it does not represent a general cessation of hostilities.

Zelensky Calls for Continued Pressure on Russia

President Volodymyr Zelensky condemned the Dnipro attack and urged Ukraine’s international partners to maintain pressure on Moscow.

He argued that easing sanctions while Russian forces continued striking civilian areas would undermine efforts to secure a reduction in hostilities.

The attack also adds urgency to Ukraine’s continuing requests for air-defence assistance, particularly systems and interceptors capable of addressing multiple categories of aerial threat.

European governments face difficult decisions about supplying additional equipment while maintaining sufficient stocks for their own security requirements.

For Ukraine, the immediate priority remains the treatment of the injured, investigation of the strike and restoration of safe railway operations.

For its international partners, the incident raises a question extending beyond Dnipro: how to protect the civilian infrastructure upon which daily life depends while Russia retains the capacity to launch repeated aerial attacks across the country.

Washington has selected Poland to host a European servicing centre for PAC-3 interceptors, strengthening the country’s role in NATO’s air defence infrastructure. The investment comes as wars in Ukraine and the Middle East expose the difficulties of sustaining missile stocks during prolonged conflicts.

Poland has been selected to host a major European maintenance centre for Patriot air defence interceptors, marking a further expansion of the country’s role in NATO’s military infrastructure and the transatlantic defence industry.

The decision, announced on 27 October by the United States government and American defence manufacturer Lockheed Martin, will establish a dedicated facility for PAC-3 missiles used in Patriot air and missile defence systems.

The investment is estimated at approximately one billion zlotys, equivalent to around €227 million.

Poland secured the project following competition with Germany, the Netherlands and Norway.

The facility is intended to provide maintenance, repair, refurbishment and technical recertification services to European operators of PAC-3 interceptors.

Its importance extends beyond the immediate economic benefits for Poland.

The wars in Ukraine and the Middle East have exposed pressure on the availability of advanced air defence missiles, raising questions about Europe’s ability to sustain military operations when demand for interceptors exceeds existing supply.

A new role for Poland’s defence industry

Deputy Defence Minister Magdalena Sobkowiak-Czarnecka announced the selection of Poland as the location for the maintenance centre.

According to Lockheed Martin’s official announcement, the facility will support NATO allies operating PAC-3 interceptors through repairs, lifecycle maintenance, refurbishment and recertification.

The centre will also provide testing capabilities intended to improve operational readiness and reduce the time required to return missiles to service.

The exact location and final implementation arrangements remain subject to further negotiations.

Polish officials have indicated that the centre could become operational in approximately a year, although the schedule will depend on the conclusion of agreements and construction or adaptation of the necessary facilities.

The project is expected to create specialised employment and increase opportunities for Polish defence suppliers.

It also reinforces Poland’s position as a manufacturing and logistics centre on NATO’s eastern flank.

Maintenance is not missile production

An important distinction concerns the facility’s actual purpose.

The Polish centre will maintain and service PAC-3 missiles. It is not being presented as a new production line capable of manufacturing large quantities of additional interceptors.

Modern air defence missiles contain complex guidance systems, propulsion components and other equipment requiring specialised inspection and maintenance.

Their operational availability depends not only on the number produced but also on the ability to store, test, maintain and recertify existing stocks.

When these services are concentrated outside Europe, operators may face lengthy transport and servicing arrangements.

Locating maintenance capacity closer to European users should reduce some of those delays.

However, the facility will not independently resolve shortages caused by the consumption of missiles during military operations.

Additional manufacturing capacity, access to components and long-term procurement agreements remain necessary to increase overall inventories.

Ukraine and the Middle East increase demand

Patriot systems have become particularly important because of their role in defending military facilities, population centres and critical infrastructure against aircraft and missiles.

Ukraine has repeatedly requested additional Patriot interceptors to protect cities and energy installations from Russian attacks.

At the same time, the conflict in the Middle East has increased demand for advanced air defence capabilities.

Both theatres place pressure on supply chains whose production capacity cannot be expanded immediately.

Manufacturing sophisticated interceptors involves specialised components, qualified suppliers, extensive testing and demanding certification procedures.

The result is a gap between the speed at which missiles can be expended during sustained operations and the time required to replace them.

The United States has undertaken efforts to accelerate PAC-3 production.

Lockheed Martin announced that it had received a major US government contract in 2026 to support further expansion of PAC-3 MSE manufacturing.

The planned maintenance centre in Poland represents a complementary investment, intended to improve the availability of missiles already held by European forces.

A transatlantic industrial project

Although Poland will host the facility, the project has a wider European dimension.

Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden are expected to participate in important elements of supply-chain integration.

These countries were among the original participants in the industrial cooperation arrangements alongside Poland and the United States.

The structure reflects NATO’s increasing emphasis on dispersing critical maintenance and logistical capabilities across allied territory.

A geographically distributed system can reduce dependence on individual sites and make it easier to sustain equipment during periods of disruption.

It can also help European defence companies develop technical expertise through cooperation with American manufacturers.

However, the arrangement will remain part of a transatlantic supply chain, with significant industrial and technological responsibilities retained by the United States.

The project therefore illustrates both Europe’s expanding defence-industrial role and its continuing dependence on American missile technology.

Poland’s expanding air defence network

The decision complements Poland’s broader investment in integrated air and missile defence.

Under the Wisła programme, Warsaw has been acquiring Patriot systems and associated interceptors as part of a wider modernisation of its armed forces.

Two Patriot batteries reached operational readiness in December 2025, according to Euronews’ reporting on the project.

Poland has also ordered additional batteries and substantial quantities of PAC-3 MSE missiles, with deliveries continuing through the remainder of the decade.

These investments are intended to improve protection against aircraft, cruise missiles and ballistic missile threats.

The maintenance centre should complement those acquisitions by strengthening technical support for the interceptors.

Readiness depends on more than procurement

The Polish investment demonstrates how NATO’s air defence priorities are changing.

For many years, procurement discussions concentrated primarily on purchasing new weapons systems.

The experience of prolonged conflicts has placed greater emphasis on ammunition availability, repair facilities, spare parts, storage and industrial capacity.

Those supporting capabilities determine how long military forces can sustain operations.

The new centre will not eliminate the need for additional missiles, but it could reduce servicing delays and improve the readiness of European stocks.

Its effectiveness will ultimately depend on the scale of operations, access to components and the speed with which maintenance services can be delivered.

For Poland, hosting the facility strengthens its position within NATO’s defence-industrial network.

For the Alliance, it represents an attempt to address one of the practical weaknesses exposed by recent conflicts: acquiring advanced weapons is only part of the challenge; keeping them available for use is equally important.

At least one person has been killed and 15 injured in successive Russian attacks on the Ukrainian capital. Strikes damaged a university campus, residential buildings and the Southern Bridge, disrupting metro services, as President Volodymyr Zelenskyy accused Ukraine’s allies of delaying critical air defence supplies.

Russian forces launched successive attacks on Kyiv between Monday evening, 26th October, and Tuesday morning, striking a university campus, residential neighbourhoods and a major bridge across the Dnipro River, causing casualties and disrupting transport across the Ukrainian capital.

At least one person was killed and 15 injured, according to updated reports on Tuesday. The attacks damaged university buildings and student accommodation in eastern Kyiv, while a subsequent strike hit the Pivdennyi, or Southern, Bridge, interrupting road and underground railway services between the two banks of the city.

The first wave began shortly before 10pm on Monday, when Russian ballistic missiles struck the Desnianskyi district, near Lisova metro station and Kyoto Park.

Buildings belonging to the State University of Trade and Economics were damaged, including student dormitories. Residential properties, medical facilities and vehicles were also affected.

Kyiv Mayor Vitali Klitschko initially reported ten injured, most of them students. Nine required hospital treatment, including three in serious condition.

In the neighbouring Dniprovskyi district, emergency workers recovered a body from a severely damaged building. Two ambulance workers responding to an emergency call were also injured.

Southern Bridge struck in renewed attack

A second wave of Russian attacks followed in the early hours of Tuesday.

The Southern Bridge was struck again, damaging infrastructure used by Kyiv’s underground railway system and forcing authorities to restrict traffic across the Dnipro.

Metro operations were disrupted on two lines. On the green line, trains operated only between Syrets and Vydubychi on the western bank and between Osokorky and Chervonyi Khutir on the eastern bank. Services across the bridge were suspended.

On the red line, Chernihivska and Lisova stations were temporarily closed, with trains operating between Akademmistechko and Darnytsia.

The bridge is one of Kyiv’s principal transport connections between its eastern and western districts, carrying both road traffic and part of the metro network.

The latest strike followed earlier damage to the same crossing on 22 October, when Russian ballistic attacks also disrupted traffic and underground services.

Repeated damage to transport crossings has complicated movement across the capital, particularly for residents travelling between the densely populated eastern districts and workplaces in central and western Kyiv.

Zelenskyy: Delays in air defence help Russian attacks

President Volodymyr Zelenskyy responded to Monday’s strikes by accusing Russia of targeting crowded civilian areas and warning that delays in Western air defence deliveries were increasing Ukraine’s vulnerability.

In a statement published on Telegram, he said Russian ballistic missiles had struck university grounds, Kyoto Park, areas near a metro station and residential buildings.

The president said there were no military installations near the affected sites and warned that further attacks remained possible.

He linked the casualties directly to Ukraine’s continuing difficulties obtaining sufficient air defence equipment.

“Artificial delays in providing air defence to Ukraine help terror,” Zelenskyy said.

He urged Western governments to ensure that political agreements on military assistance were implemented without administrative delays.

Zelenskyy also argued that Ukraine required weapons capable of destroying Russian ballistic missile launchers before missiles could be fired, rather than relying entirely on interception.

Such capabilities, he said, would offer a more effective means of protecting civilian lives.

Washington faces questions over interceptor deliveries

His criticism came hours after he publicly disclosed that Ukraine had been waiting almost a month for US Defence Secretary Pete Hegseth to approve deliveries of missiles for Patriot and NASAMS air defence systems.

“In particular, we have been waiting for nearly a month for Mr Hegseth to sign off on missiles for Patriots and NASAMS,” Zelenskyy said on 26th October.

He instructed Ukrainian officials to raise the matter again with Washington.

Ukraine is seeking additional PAC-2 and PAC-3 Patriot missiles from the United States, European countries and other partners.

Some of these weapons are purchased through NATO’s Prioritised Ukraine Requirements List, or PURL, which allows allied governments to finance American military equipment destined for Ukraine.

However, US-made weapons may remain subject to American export and transfer authorisations even when European governments have agreed to finance their procurement.

US Secretary of State Marco Rubio acknowledged that a shipment of air-defence missiles may have been delayed, but said the delay was not politically motivated. Ukraine has said it is waiting for US approval for missiles for its Patriot and NASAMS systems, as its forces face shortages of the ammunition needed to intercept incoming attacks.

The precise effect of the outstanding approvals on Kyiv’s ability to defend itself during the latest strikes has not been established. The delay adds to the pressure on a country already trying to protect its cities and critical infrastructure with limited air-defence stocks.

Kyiv’s continuing ballistic missile vulnerability

Ballistic missiles present particular challenges for Ukrainian air defences because of their high speeds and the limited time available to detect, track and intercept incoming weapons.

Patriot systems equipped with appropriate interceptors are among Ukraine’s principal defences against such attacks. Their effectiveness depends not only on the availability of launchers and radar systems but also on adequate stocks of interceptor missiles.

Russia’s repeated attacks on the Southern Bridge also demonstrate the wider consequences of damage to urban infrastructure. Even when a transport crossing remains structurally intact, damage to railway equipment or nearby installations can interrupt services for thousands of passengers.

The latest bombardment followed another substantial Russian attack on Kyiv on 21st–22nd October, which killed one person and injured more than 20.

For Ukraine, the attacks have reinforced two immediate requirements: protecting essential infrastructure against further strikes and securing a reliable supply of interceptor missiles.

Whether Washington can accelerate the outstanding approvals, and whether European partners can provide additional ammunition from their own stocks, will be central to Ukraine’s air defence preparations as winter approaches.

Main Image: By Mitte27 – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=113352288

Russia launched 21 ballistic missiles against Kyiv in three successive waves overnight on 21–22 October, striking residential buildings, energy facilities and transport infrastructure just hours after President Vladimir Putin held peace negotiations with US presidential envoy Steve Witkoff in St Petersburg.

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy confirmed on Thursday morning that at least two people had been killed and 34 injured, including five children, in Russian attacks affecting 12 Ukrainian regions. The capital sustained extensive damage, with strikes reported against railway and metro infrastructure, shopping centres, industrial premises and a monastery.

The bombardment followed a three-hour meeting between Witkoff and Putin on Wednesday, during which the Russian president indicated his willingness to resume trilateral negotiations involving Moscow, Washington and Kyiv. The Russian attacks continued despite the diplomatic initiative, prompting Zelenskyy to call for renewed international pressure on the Kremlin.

Kyiv Under Three Waves of Ballistic Missiles

In a statement published on Telegram, Zelenskyy said Russian forces had launched three waves of ballistic missiles against the Ukrainian capital, causing numerous direct hits and widespread destruction.

The Ukrainian president referred sarcastically to Russia’s supposed humanitarian intentions, an apparent reference to Witkoff’s description of Putin as a humanitarian during their meeting the previous day.

Emergency services were deployed across several districts of Kyiv, where residential and commercial buildings suffered damage. Part of the capital’s metro infrastructure on the Southern Bridge was affected, disrupting traffic, while a strike on an ambulance station in the Pecherskyi district damaged six emergency vehicles. No medical personnel were injured at that location.

According to Ukrainian military and emergency service reports, the overnight assault also involved 210 attack drones and several types of missiles, including Iskander-M, S-400, Zircon and Oniks weapons.

By Thursday morning, Ukrainian air defences had intercepted or suppressed 181 drones. Russian weapons struck 32 locations, while debris from intercepted drones fell at eight others.

The assault followed several consecutive days of Russian attacks against Kyiv, including earlier strikes on hospitals, residential buildings and the capital’s transport network.

Witkoff’s Meeting with Putin

The timing of the latest bombardment placed renewed scrutiny on Washington’s diplomatic engagement with Moscow.

On 21 October, Witkoff met Putin at the Konstantin Palace in St Petersburg, accompanied by Russian officials, including Kirill Dmitriev, the Kremlin’s representative for international economic cooperation. The discussions lasted approximately three hours.

The meeting followed talks in Oslo on 20 October, where Witkoff and Jared Kushner met Zelenskyy alongside Norwegian Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre and Finnish President Alexander Stubb.

Following the St Petersburg meeting, Witkoff described the discussions as constructive and indicated that negotiations would continue at the technical level between representatives of the United States, Russia and Ukraine.

Putin reportedly expressed agreement in principle to restarting trilateral negotiations, potentially during the first half of November. However, no agreement on a ceasefire or suspension of Russian attacks was announced.

The meeting also attracted controversy after Witkoff praised Putin as a humanitarian following the release of Stephen Hubbard, a 74-year-old American citizen who had been detained in Russia for more than four years.

The remarks prompted criticism from Republican lawmakers in Washington, who questioned the characterisation of the Russian president while Moscow continued its military campaign against Ukraine.

Zelenskyy Calls for Pressure Rather Than Diplomatic Concessions

Zelenskyy characterised the overnight missile attack as evidence that Russia’s participation in negotiations had not produced any substantive change in its conduct.

He argued that diplomatic efforts to end the war should continue but must be accompanied by measures capable of altering Moscow’s military calculations.

Those measures, according to the Ukrainian president, include stronger air defence capabilities, faster deliveries of interceptor missiles, the ability to destroy Russian ballistic missile launchers and continued economic sanctions.

The latest attacks also place Ukraine’s air defence requirements firmly within the ongoing negotiations with Washington. Kyiv has repeatedly sought additional Patriot missiles and more reliable advance warning of Russian ballistic launches, particularly as repeated strikes place increasing demands on its interception capabilities.

For the Trump administration, the immediate question is whether Russia’s stated willingness to negotiate can produce verifiable commitments to reduce hostilities.

The Kremlin has offered the prospect of further talks without announcing a halt to its offensive operations. Kyiv, meanwhile, continues to face missile and drone attacks against civilian infrastructure even as discussions concerning a possible settlement proceed.

The events of 21–22 October leave Washington’s diplomatic initiative moving forward against the background of an expanding Russian aerial campaign, with no indication that Moscow intends to suspend its attacks while negotiations continue.

Ukraine was prepared to suspend attacks on Russian oil refineries if Washington supplied anti-ballistic missile systems to protect its energy infrastructure, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has revealed. The proposed compromise was not accepted, despite American pressure on Kyiv to halt its strikes.

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has disclosed that Kyiv offered to suspend attacks on Russian oil refineries in exchange for temporary American anti-ballistic missile protection for Ukraine’s energy infrastructure. Washington did not provide the requested systems, leaving Ukraine exposed to continued Russian missile strikes while the United States sought to restrict Ukrainian operations against Russia’s oil industry.

Speaking at a press conference in Brussels on Friday, 16 October, Zelenskyy said the proposal had been presented to Washington as a compromise following President Donald Trump’s agreement with Vladimir Putin on Russian diesel supplies and restrictions on attacks against energy facilities.

The Ukrainian president confirmed that Kyiv had not been consulted before Washington reached its understanding with Moscow. He described the diesel agreement as a surprise and objected to arrangements determining Ukraine’s military actions without its participation. Any agreement concerning Ukrainian strikes on Russian territory, he argued, required consultation with the Ukrainian government.

Nevertheless, Zelenskyy said Ukraine had been willing to accommodate American demands, even under an arrangement that did not require Russia to suspend its own attacks. Instead of insisting on reciprocal restrictions, Kyiv proposed receiving sufficient anti-ballistic missile systems to protect its electricity network for the duration of the requested suspension.

The proposal reflected Ukraine’s immediate security requirements. Russia has repeatedly targeted power stations, substations and other critical infrastructure, while Ukrainian forces have attacked Russian refineries to disrupt fuel production and reduce revenues available to Moscow. Halting the Ukrainian campaign without additional defensive capabilities would have left Kyiv surrendering one means of economic pressure while remaining vulnerable to Russian bombardment.

Zelenskyy said he had asked Washington for a limited number of systems, rather than a substantial new military commitment. The proposed deployment would have lasted only as long as the United States required Ukraine to refrain from attacking Russian refineries. However, according to the president, no such assistance was provided.

US diesel agreement deepens dispute

The disagreement follows the diesel arrangement announced by Trump on 9 October, under which Russia agreed to resume substantial petroleum product exports to American and international markets. Washington also authorised certain transactions involving Russian diesel, easing restrictions previously intended to reduce Moscow’s energy revenues.

The agreement created a direct conflict between American energy policy and Ukraine’s strategy of targeting Russian refining capacity. Washington wants additional diesel supplies to ease pressure on fuel markets, while Kyiv regards attacks on oil infrastructure as a means of weakening Russia’s ability to sustain its invasion.

That disagreement intensified after Ukraine resumed attacks on Russian refineries, including a strike against a facility in the Ryazan region. Trump criticised the operations, accusing Kyiv of contributing to higher global oil prices. Zelenskyy, meanwhile, argued that increased Russian diesel revenues would provide Moscow with additional resources to finance its military campaign.

The Ukrainian president’s proposal also exposed the limitations of the temporary energy ceasefire promoted by Washington. Russia continued attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure, including electricity facilities, despite the American initiative. Kyiv’s proposed compromise would have addressed the resulting imbalance by providing defensive protection rather than relying on Russian restraint.

Russian strikes underline Ukraine’s defensive requirements

The urgency of Ukraine’s request was illustrated by renewed Russian attacks during Zelenskyy’s visit to Brussels. According to the Ukrainian presidency, strikes on 15 October damaged energy infrastructure in several regions, leaving almost 15,000 people without electricity in Volyn and disrupting supplies in parts of Kyiv and the surrounding region.

Ukraine continues to face shortages of the interceptors required to defend against ballistic missiles. Zelenskyy has identified anti-ballistic capabilities as an immediate priority, particularly as Russia intensifies attacks ahead of winter. During talks with NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte, he stressed the need for additional missile interceptors and other air defence equipment.

The president also raised these requirements during Friday’s meeting with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and European Council President António Costa. Discussions covered air defence, protection of energy infrastructure and financial assistance needed to sustain Ukraine’s resistance to Russian aggression.

European leaders support Kyiv’s position

Zelenskyy said European leaders had supported Ukraine’s position in the dispute with Washington. His remarks came as the EU reaffirmed its intention to maintain economic pressure on Moscow despite the Trump administration’s decision to facilitate Russian diesel exports.

As EU Today reported earlier on Friday, von der Leyen and Costa rejected any relaxation of European sanctions while Russia continues its war. The Commission is preparing a further sanctions package, maintaining a policy intended to restrict Moscow’s ability to finance its military operations.

The contrasting American and European positions have become increasingly significant for Kyiv. Washington is seeking to stabilise fuel markets through arrangements with Moscow, while European governments remain committed to reducing Russian energy revenues and strengthening Ukraine’s military and economic resilience.

For Zelenskyy, the unresolved question is whether Ukraine can be expected to limit attacks on Russian oil infrastructure while receiving neither reciprocal guarantees from Moscow nor additional protection against Russian ballistic missiles. His account of the unsuccessful American negotiations indicates that Kyiv was prepared to compromise, but only if its immediate defensive needs were addressed.