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Azerbaijan’s Hijab Ban Sparks Protests and Deepens Rift with Turkey

Restrictions on Islamic headscarves in Azerbaijan’s schools have triggered demonstrations, arrests and an unusually public confrontation between Baku and Ankara.

The dispute has exposed differences over secularism, religious freedom and Azerbaijan’s relationship with Israel, raising questions about the durability of one of the region’s closest strategic alliances.

Azerbaijan is facing an unusual wave of protests after new school dress regulations led to girls wearing Islamic headscarves being excluded from classrooms and teachers reportedly being ordered to remove their hijabs. The controversy has escalated into a diplomatic dispute with Turkey, whose governing party has been accused by President Ilham Aliyev’s administration of interfering in Azerbaijan’s internal affairs.

The confrontation intensified on 13 October when Azerbaijan’s ruling New Azerbaijan Party (YAP) publicly condemned senior figures in President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s Justice and Development Party (AKP). The dispute has since widened to encompass Azerbaijan’s relations with Israel, exposing political differences between two countries accustomed to describing themselves as “one nation, two states”.

School regulations provoke protests and arrests

The controversy began on 21 September, when Azerbaijan’s government adopted Resolution No. 309, amending the regulations governing uniforms in state schools. The changes prohibit clothing that conflicts with prescribed uniforms or the secular character of public education.

Although the new regulations do not explicitly mention Islamic headscarves, some schools have interpreted them as prohibiting the hijab. A further decision on 6 October introduced similar requirements for teachers. Women in Baku and Sumgayit subsequently reported being instructed to remove their headscarves or risk losing their positions.

The enforcement of these regulations prompted demonstrations outside schools, with girls carrying placards demanding access to education. Male pupils also joined protests in support of their classmates. Such demonstrations are unusual in Azerbaijan, where public assemblies face extensive restrictions.

On 12 October, the Interior Ministry reported that 37 people had been detained in Baku, alleging disruption of public order, damage to property and obstruction of school activities. Activists claimed that more than 200 people had been detained, although that higher figure has not been independently confirmed.

In a statement issued on 16 October, Amnesty International criticised the exclusion of pupils and called for the release of peaceful demonstrators. The organisation also raised concerns over the reported detention of a mother protesting her daughter’s exclusion and the disappearance of an activist who had organised educational assistance for affected children.

Access to TikTok and Instagram was disrupted as the protests spread online. Internet monitoring organisations documented restrictions, although Azerbaijani authorities have not publicly explained their cause.

Turkey challenges Azerbaijan’s secular policy

The dispute acquired an international dimension when Oktay Saral, a senior adviser to Erdoğan, condemned the exclusion of girls wearing headscarves.

In a public statement on 12 October, Saral questioned how preventing a girl from attending school because of her religious clothing could be reconciled with justice. He demanded that Azerbaijan reverse the restrictions. Several AKP parliamentarians subsequently joined the criticism.

The response from Baku was unusually confrontational. In its official statement, the New Azerbaijan Party accused Turkish political figures and media organisations of conducting a systematic campaign against Azerbaijan.

The party argued that religious solidarity did not entitle one Muslim-majority country to dictate another’s domestic policies. It described the Turkish politicians’ interventions as irresponsible and warned against attempts to interfere with Azerbaijan’s sovereignty.

The disagreement reflects contrasting approaches to secularism. Azerbaijan, a predominantly Shia Muslim country, has maintained strict state control over religious institutions since independence from the Soviet Union. Turkey, by contrast, has progressively removed restrictions on Islamic headscarves under Erdoğan’s government, reversing policies previously associated with its secular establishment.

Israel adds another source of tension

The dispute has also reopened disagreements concerning Azerbaijan’s relationship with Israel.

Baku maintains substantial security and defence cooperation with Israel, including military technology and equipment supplied during its conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh. Turkey supported Azerbaijan during that conflict but has adopted an increasingly confrontational position towards Israel.

As EU Today has previously examined, the relationships between Turkey, Azerbaijan and Israel reveal competing strategic interests beneath Ankara and Baku’s declared solidarity.

In its October statement, the New Azerbaijan Party specifically rejected criticism of Azerbaijani-Israeli relations, insisting that its dealings with Israel were legitimate bilateral arrangements. The inclusion of Israel in a response ostensibly concerning school uniforms indicates that the disagreement extends beyond religious clothing.

A further escalation emerged on 16 October when Azerbaijani prosecutors announced charges against Turkish journalist Celal Çiftçi, accusing him of advocating the violent overthrow of the Azerbaijani government in social media posts connected to the controversy. An arrest warrant was reportedly issued in his absence. Prosecutors did not publish the posts, and Çiftçi’s response was not available.

Could the dispute break the Turkish-Azerbaijani alliance?

Despite the increasingly hostile exchanges, there is little evidence of an imminent diplomatic rupture.

Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan travelled to Baku on 15 October and met President Aliyev. The meeting addressed recent developments in bilateral relations, while Fidan publicly emphasised the enduring strategic partnership between the countries.

He acknowledged that differences could arise but argued that they should be resolved through direct dialogue rather than political confrontations on social media. Senior AKP figures have also sought to reduce tensions, stressing respect for Azerbaijan’s sovereign decisions.

The relationship extends far beyond shared language and cultural identity. Turkish military cooperation has been central to Azerbaijan’s regional security policy, while energy infrastructure and transport corridors connect the countries economically. Ankara also remains an important actor in the changing strategic balance of the South Caucasus.

For the European Union, the confrontation is relevant because Azerbaijan remains an important energy supplier and trading partner, while Turkey occupies a central position in regional transport and security arrangements.

The immediate question is whether Baku will reconsider the application of its school regulations. The wider political dispute concerns the extent to which Turkey can criticise Azerbaijan’s domestic policies without jeopardising a partnership that both governments have consistently presented as a cornerstone of their foreign policy.

The public confrontation has exposed differences that had previously been managed within the bilateral relationship. However, Fidan’s intervention and the continued diplomatic engagement suggest that both governments are seeking to contain the dispute rather than dismantle their alliance.

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Ohio Court Strikes Down a Scholarship Program That Supports More Than 100,000 Families

An illustration of a classroom desk | Mariam Zakaidze

School choice in Ohio has taken a big hit. On Thursday, a panel of the state's 10th District Court of Appeals unanimously ruled the state's Educational Choice Scholarship, or EdChoice, program unconstitutional.

Vouchers Hurt Ohio (VHO), a coalition of public school districts, banded together in 2022 to sue the state over the EdChoice program, which uses public funds to finance scholarships for K-12 students to attend private schools. Under EdChoice's "Traditional Plan," which has been around since 2005, students can receive annual scholarships as high as $6,166 for elementary and middle school and $8,408 for high school. The scholarship's "Expansion Program," which state lawmakers created in 2013, awards maximum scholarship amounts identical to the Traditional Plan, "but scale based on a family's income," according to EdChoice, an educational freedom nonprofit. The organization says the scholarship program supports more than 100,000 Ohio families.   

The VHO argues that the EdChoice scholarship program drains funding from the public school system, depriving Ohio students of much-needed resources. Its website states "private school vouchers create a system of state-funded discrimination" and that school choice is a "myth." Interestingly, the Court of Appeals of Ohio's 10th Appellate District largely concurred.

The court's ruling came down to Article VI, Section 2 of the Ohio Constitution, which says that the state must secure a "thorough and efficient system of common schools."

The panel held that the EdChoice voucher program violates this mandate by funding a "competing system of uncommon schools." Writing for the court, Judge David Leland took the argument further, contending that EdChoice schools "actually end up depriving families of choice." He cited private schools' selective admissions process and urban concentration, calling the defendants' appeals to choice "a fundamental misnomer," because the choice to admit students rests with the schools, not the families.

Keith Neely, an attorney at the Institute for Justice who represents families using EdChoice in the case, argues that the program funds families rather than a competing school system.

He also challenges the court's rationale that the state's obligation to fund public schools implicitly prohibits them from funding other forms of education. "I think that's just fundamentally wrong as a matter of constitutional interpretation and also just as a matter of public understanding," he tells Reason.

The court "seemed to take the view that any dollar spent on other educational programs like scholarships is a dollar that could be spent on public schools instead, but that's not how budgeting works," he says. 

Neely says that public education funding is separate from the scholarship program and that every funding decision has tradeoffs. If the court finds that EdChoice's school voucher program violates the state's obligation to fund public schools, what stops it from reaching the same conclusion for other programs, like the Jon Peterson Special Needs Scholarship or the Cleveland Scholarship program, which provides private school tuition scholarships for K-12 students living in the Cleveland Municipal School District?

Neely also points to Simmons-Harris v. Goff (1999), where the Ohio Supreme Court partially reversed a lower court's ruling and found that school choice was constitutional under the same public-education clause. The court invalidated the Cleveland scholarship program in question, finding that it was "improperly enacted by the legislature," according to the Institute for Justice. However, the Ohio Legislature later reenacted the program.

The families using the EdChoice scholarship program—as well as the state's attorney general—plan to appeal to the Ohio Supreme Court, and Neely is optimistic that history will repeat itself in this case. He tells Reason, "When you look at what the Constitution says, and you look at what the court said in Simmons-Harris, I think the only conclusion that the Ohio Supreme Court can walk away with is that programs like the Educational Choice Scholarship program are constitutional." Families will be able to keep their scholarships while the litigation is pending.

This case is just one battle in a nationwide war on school choice. A recent report from Reason Foundation, the nonprofit that publishes Reason, found that 80 percent of public-school students live in states with "weak or ineffective open enrollment laws." These laws "allo[w]  students to transfer to public schools other than their residentially assigned one, provided space is available," writes Jude Schwalbach, senior policy analyst at Reason Foundation. Several states are also holding out against the Education Freedom Tax Credit, a new federal tax credit that offers a dollar-for-dollar tax refund for donating to K-12 scholarship programs. 

The court's decision reflects the broader rationale fueling that opposition: that education dollars going to anything other than public schools are taken from ordinary students. For decades, policymakers have invested in that premise, yet student outcomes have little to show for it. The real myth isn't school choice; it's that giving families more options means betraying students' education.

The post Ohio Court Strikes Down a Scholarship Program That Supports More Than 100,000 Families appeared first on Reason Magazine.

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France Braces for 500 Protest Actions as Yellow Vests and Students Join Forces

French authorities are preparing for hundreds of demonstrations on Saturday, 17 October, as student unrest converges with protests over living costs, public spending and government policy. Up to 40,000 demonstrators are expected in Paris, where police and organisers remain divided over march routes.

France is preparing for a nationwide wave of demonstrations on Saturday, 17 October, with approximately 500 protest actions under consideration and more than 90 marches being organised, according to the Interior Ministry. The mobilisation brings together high-school students, trade unions, farmers and supporters of the Yellow Vest movement, raising the prospect of further confrontation after nearly a month of unrest.

Police estimates suggest that around 40,000 demonstrators could gather in Paris, with approximately 150,000 more expected elsewhere in France. The figures remain preliminary, while authorities warn that some protests could involve road blockades, disruption to essential infrastructure and violent clashes.

Interior Minister Laurent Nuñez initially outlined preparations for 250 gatherings and 80 marches on Friday morning. Subsequent assessments from his office indicated that as many as 500 actions were being considered, although not all had been formally organised.

Paris Faces Dispute Over Demonstration Routes

The authorities are particularly concerned about developments in the capital, where negotiations between police and protest organisers have failed to produce agreement over the proposed routes.

Paris police prefect Patrice Faure has rejected proposals for marches terminating near the Opéra district or Place de la Concorde, citing security concerns surrounding central government institutions.

According to details of the security preparations, police have proposed an alternative route between Place de la Bastille and Place de Clichy. The CGT trade union and climate campaigners have accepted the proposal, but student organisations and Yellow Vest representatives continue to oppose it.

Prime Minister Sébastien Lecornu has convened an interministerial crisis unit to coordinate the government’s response. Security officials have warned that attempts to obstruct major transport routes or critical infrastructure will not be tolerated.

The Interior Ministry has also indicated that stun grenades, whose use was suspended during the student protests, could again be deployed in cases of particularly serious urban violence.

Yellow Vests Return Amid Rising Living Costs

Saturday’s demonstrations are being promoted as a revival of the Yellow Vest movement, which emerged in 2018 following opposition to fuel taxation before developing into a broader protest against living costs, economic inequality and government policy.

The latest mobilisation has gathered support from organisations demanding measures to address rising fuel, energy and food prices. Campaigners are also challenging the government’s proposed 2027 budget and its implications for public services.

The agricultural union Confédération paysanne has called on farmers to join the demonstrations, arguing that rising agricultural fuel costs and deteriorating conditions in rural communities have increased pressure on producers.

The union has also linked its demands to environmental policy, public-service provision and access to affordable food.

The CGT, student unions and climate organisations have similarly expressed support for the protests, while political backing has come from La France Insoumise and the French Communist Party.

Student Protests Enter Their Fourth Week

The mobilisation follows weeks of demonstrations involving secondary-school pupils, teachers and public-sector workers. What began as protests over shortages of teachers, overcrowded classrooms and deteriorating school buildings has developed into a nationwide confrontation over education policy and policing.

As EU Today previously reported, between 400 and 500 secondary schools faced partial or complete disruption earlier this month as students organised blockades and demonstrations.

The movement has subsequently expanded beyond its original educational demands, with student organisations raising concerns about university admissions procedures, police tactics and government spending priorities.

The scale of the unrest has placed considerable pressure on French authorities. According to figures from the Justice Ministry, 6,877 people were placed in police custody during the protests between late September and 8 October, approximately 86 per cent of them minors.

Violence during the demonstrations has resulted in injuries among police officers, students and educational staff. Clashes on 8 October led to 504 arrests and injuries to 48 police officers, according to Interior Ministry figures.

Education Minister Édouard Geffray has announced emergency measures to address teacher shortages, including the deployment of replacement teachers. The ministry says 2,000 of the 3,000 promised replacements have already been assigned, but student organisations maintain that the measures are insufficient.

Growing Pressure on the French Government

The planned demonstrations come as France faces a difficult debate over public spending, taxation and the 2027 budget. Lecornu’s government must balance demands for higher salaries and increased investment in education against mounting pressure to reduce the deficit.

France’s deteriorating public finances have already attracted scrutiny from eurozone partners, while domestic opposition to spending restraint has become a central issue ahead of the 2027 presidential election.

The convergence of student organisations, trade unions and Yellow Vest campaigners could broaden the protests beyond the education sector, particularly if demonstrations over living costs attract participants who have not joined the recent school protests.

However, the extent of that mobilisation remains uncertain. Online protest maps contain substantially more proposed actions than the authorities’ estimates, and participation figures will not be established until Saturday.

For the government, the immediate test will be whether the demonstrations remain peaceful and whether the authorities can prevent disruption to transport networks and public services without provoking further confrontations with protesters.

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Madrid teachers and students launch strike to defend public schools

The public education system in Madrid – teachers and students alike – launched an indefinite strike on Wednesday, October 14. Tens of thousands emptied classrooms and took to the streets, demanding an end to the regional government’s education policy – warning that it promotes privatization.

Episodes of police violence were reported near part of the education sites.

Read more: Spanish unions announce general strike over housing

A joint union front, including sectoral branches of the General Union of Workers (Unión General de Trabajadores, UGT), the Workers’ Commissions (Comisiones Obreras, CCOO), and the General Confederation of Labor (Confederación General del Trabajo, CGT), among others, started building the mobilization months ago. 

While preparing the strike, they tabled demands including wage increases, investment into education infrastructure, and smaller class sizes.

A strike to defend quality public education

“Madrid’s teachers have said ‘enough is enough’ in the face of regional policies that seek to dismantle public services in favor of private management, demonstrating a profound contempt for the inclusive school, one that equalizes, protects, and guarantees real opportunity for the future of children and the working class,” the union front stated.

“This strike is not just for teachers,” UGT Public Services Madrid emphasized in a statement. “We are defending quality public education for students and their families, who are the ones who suffer the consequences of overcrowded classrooms and staff shortages.”

Students on the first day of the strike. Source: Sindicato de Estudiantes

Union demands were endorsed by students, including the student union Sindicato de Estudiantes. “Ceilings are crumbling, there is no air conditioning, facilities are outdated, and students are forced to learn in makeshift and portable classrooms or overcrowded spaces,” the organization stated.

Student union recognizes strike’s “decisive moment”

Students and teachers insist on the responsibility borne for the crisis by the regional People’s Party government led by Isabel Díaz Ayuso. Ayuso was also an often-quoted name in recent housing mobilizations in Madrid, where demonstrators linked the right-wing party’s policies with the ongoing housing crisis – including the eviction of Maricarmen Abascal.

The education strike, Sindicato de Estudiantes wrote, is a “way to involve the entire working class and youth against a reactionary government that not only does business with public education, but is selling our neighborhoods to vulture funds and rentier landlords who speculate on housing, one that steals money from public health to hand it to companies and the corrupt …”

Read more: Students in France are fighting for stronger public education

In their communications, student associations echoed the historic school strikes taking place in France. “Also very present in the minds of Madrid students, as in the entire State, are the events shaking France and Belgium: the enormous student strikes of our colleagues that have filled Paris and dozens of cities, and the brutal police repression that they have had to endure,” they wrote. “We know that we are in a decisive moment, and like them, we will fulfill our task.”

Strong adherence to the education strike gives hope for an even stronger mobilization on November 11, when Spain’s labor movement has called for a general strike to increase wages, fight against the cost of living crisis, and overhaul the country’s housing policy.

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Burkina Faso moves to decolonize education through curriculum reform

Burkina Faso has begun reviewing its history, geography and civic education curricula. The government says the aim is to “decolonize” the country’s schools by removing colonial-era portrayals of African history and giving more space to national history, African resistance, cultural values, and local knowledge.

Speaking during a meeting with education officials in Ouagadougou, Secondary Education Minister Moumouni Zoungrana criticized the language used in school textbooks to describe European colonialists.

“Those who came to conquer Africa are called explorers, conquerors. Were they conquerors? They were spies…. They were invaders,” the minister said, according to APA News.

The minister said certain terms in the current materials serve to “infantilize” and “animalize” Africans in the teaching of their own history. “We have made a firm resolution to reread these curricula, to reread the content and to remove the words that are infantilizing and animalizing us,” he said.

He added that the reform would go beyond removing offensive language. “We have made the same decision to add other chapters that promote our values and eliminate the chapters that are dragging us down,” he said.

Further, during the second phase of Burkina Faso’s National Days of Patriotic Commitment and Citizen Participation (JEPPC), where officials presented education reforms and responded to concerns raised by citizens. It was emphasized that beyond the revision of historical narratives, the reforms seek to make education more responsive to Burkina Faso’s sociocultural and environmental realities. Measures include strengthening civic and moral education, introducing English progressively from the second grade, expanding instruction in national languages, and promoting bilingual education and cultural activities in schools.

“The logical continuation” of decolonizing reforms

Souleymane Kimbié Armel, of the Comité international Mémorial Thomas Sankara, told BreakThrough News that the curriculum overhaul follows directly from the country’s wider political project.

Armel said the reforms sought to decolonize the minds of younger generations, arguing that previous curricula glorified European colonialists while presenting African societies through degrading descriptions.

He cited the expression “the flight of the Moogho Naaba,” referring to the Mossi king of Ouagadougou at the arrival of invading forces, as an example of terminology that requires critical examination.

“The change in the curriculum is the logical continuation of reforms aimed at decolonizing mindsets, beginning with the youngest members of society,” Armel said.

He also challenged what he described as the longstanding portrayal of Burkina Faso as an inherently poor country, arguing that such narratives obscure the country’s capacities and resources.

According to Armel, the educational system has historically failed to recognize the value of Burkina Faso’s cultural diversity, sometimes presenting ethnic differences as a source of division rather than a strength.

Instead, he said, the reforms aim to restore popular confidence and pride by helping students understand their own histories, cultures and collective capacities.

“All these reforms aim to restore the people’s pride and confidence in their own abilities,” he said.

The emphasis on national history and indigenous knowledge is therefore intended not only to change what students learn but also to challenge inherited assumptions about African societies and their capacity for self-directed development.

Liberation struggles key to the new curriculum

Liberation struggles are at the centre of the new curricula, Armel said. “African states and countries of the Global South have always fought for their emancipation. The history of these struggles must be known by present and future generations,” he said. “It is in this spirit that the Haitian Revolution, the Chinese Revolution, and Thomas Sankara’s revolution are being taught.”

“The objective is to sow the seeds of revolution among young students,” he said. He noted that the Ministry has developed teaching modules and curricula and distributed them to teachers.

He added that the reforms are not limited to political education. “Beyond teaching these revolutions, the transformation also involves technical and scientific education, with the aim of ensuring that young Burkinabè are both politically conscious and technically competent.”

Armel linked the reforms to economic sovereignty, drawing on the South African anti-apartheid leader Steve Biko. “As Steve Biko rightly said, what the master has conquered in the colonized is their mind. No development can take place without the decolonization of mindsets,” he said. “This will help prevent the economy from being outward-oriented and dependent on external forces. It will also help stem the brain drain to Western countries.”

“Teaching in national languages and incorporating indigenous knowledge will contribute to achieving political sovereignty,” he continued. “In a context where the people must remain continuously mobilized, the education system should enable them to rely on their own capabilities to take charge of their country’s development.”

Challenges ahead

Armel acknowledged that implementing the reforms will be difficult. “Implementing these curricula also presents challenges, including the need to train teachers in the new concepts and ideas being introduced. This will enable teachers to understand and teach in the spirit of these changes,” he said. “In addition, textbooks and teaching materials for both teachers and students must be developed to support the reforms and improve their effectiveness.”

He also pointed to political opposition. “As with any reform, there is resistance from Francophiles who are ardent supporters of the French system. These groups represent obstacles that must be taken seriously,” he said. “Ultimately, the state must provide teachers with training and greater motivation so that they can sustain the revolution within the school system.”

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Students in France are fighting for stronger public education

High school and university students in France continued their protests on Tuesday, October 13, demanding government investment in public education. Approximately 480,000 protesters took to the streets in the latest iteration of the mobilization, with families, teachers, and trade unions backing students’ demands. 

Read more: French students shut down schools in historic strike against austerity

The mobilization remains marked by widespread police violence. Police used tear gas and dispersal grenades on crowds, including at Tuesday’s central march in Paris. Hundreds of students were injured and thousands arrested in these incidents, prompting reactions from human rights organizations. 

In response, the public joined students as they blocked high schools and organized marches to physically shield them from potential harm. Trade union members, notably from the education sector, were highly represented in these support lines. 

“The CGT reaffirms the urgent need to address the demands of those who are the country’s future ,” the General Confederation of Labor (CGT) asserted. “The CGT salutes their fighting spirit. It welcomes the strong anti-fascist tone of the demonstrations, which shows that there is no inevitability to the continued flourishing of fascist ideas or to the far right’s rise to power.” 

Students demand access to higher education

Since the beginning of the month, French students have organized three massive demonstrations to warn against the state of education under austerity. “For several weeks, high school and university students have been mobilizing to denounce the deterioration of their study conditions, the Parcoursup system, staff and resource shortages, policies that are dismantling public services, and – more broadly – the future this society holds in store for them,” the trade union federation Solidaires recognized in their statements. 

Trade unions continued their support for student mobilizations. The banner reads: "Electricity and gas workers stand with the youth. Our rage is nuclear." Source: CGT/Facebook
Trade unions continued their support for student mobilizations. The banner reads: “Electricity and gas workers stand with the youth. Our rage is nuclear.” Source: CGT/Facebook

Equal access to higher education has been high on the protesters’ demand list since the beginning. This refers in good part to how students are currently recruited into university courses – the Parcoursup admission platform. Introduced in 2018 under Macronist ministers to replace a previous system that randomized selection for oversubscribed courses, Parcoursup was supposed to “rationalize” admissions.

In practice, however, critics and applicants emphasize the platform allows institutions to apply unclear selection criteria and even discriminate against students from working-class areas.

In September 2026, the left party La France Insoumise warned that 126,652 students were not able to access a course as a result of the system – up from 77,000 in 2023. “This selection process is the product of austerity-driven political choices deliberately implemented by successive Macron-era governments,” the party warned.

“Parcoursup is a social sorting machine,” Solidaires echoed. “The platform organizes competition among young people for places that the State deliberately refuses to create. It transforms the right to study into a privilege, scarcity into selection, and austerity into supposed individual failure.”

Commodification of education

Jean-Luc Mélenchon, the left’s presidential candidate, pointed out that these choices are part of a broader political agenda: “the commodification of education and knowledge.”

Trade union briefs on the subject back this interpretation. At the beginning of this school year, Solidaires warned that thousands of those left without higher education placings are being sacrificed in the name of austerity. 

“But not everyone experiences this violence in the same way,” they wrote. “The wealthiest families can afford private schooling, fund housing on the other side of the country, or sustain a year without studying. Young people from working-class backgrounds, however, have no way out. A lack of options means either being forced into the job market or military service – abandoning their plans for good – or facing precariousness, isolation, and debt at a private institution.”

“We have shifted from an egalitarian system to a discriminatory one: pay for your own future,” Mélenchon concluded in a recent interview.

Read more: Greek university labor leaders face charges after supporting students

The left leader anticipated that student demands will be an important topic during the upcoming election campaign, where the left is contrasting a program of rupture with neoliberal policies to the far right’s intention to build a debt brake not unlike Germany’s. In practice, this would translate into years of sustained attacks on social security and public services. 

Trade unions and progressive organizations announced their support for the youth mobilizations will continue as they build campaigns to resist the government’s intention to impose billions in cuts to pensions and social security while spending record amounts on rearmament.

For their part, student unions invited their members to remain active and join a general mobilization against the cost of living crisis this Saturday, October 17.

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Can NC public schools boost enrollment in a voucher-flooded landscape?

The NC Department of Public Instruction has a bold goal to boost public school enrollment. So far, there's not been much movement.

Can NC public schools boost enrollment in a voucher-flooded landscape? is a story from Carolina Public Press, an award-winning independent newsroom. Our breakthrough journalism shines a light on the critical overlooked and under-reported issues facing North Carolina’s more than 11 million residents. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

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France mutilates its children to stifle social protest

Caught between the methodical repression of its own youth and the shock of a global geopolitical shift that marginalizes it, Emmanuel Macron’s France sees the republican myth collapse under the combined effect of its internal cynicism and a historic strategic defeat abroad. In reality, May 1968 revealed the vulnerability of technocratic certainties in France. However, […]
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Making the wheels on the bus go ’round and ’round costing NC schools more than ever

With cost of diesel fuel hitting records, school districts across North Carolina are reckoning with how they'll afford to keep buses going.

Making the wheels on the bus go ’round and ’round costing NC schools more than ever is a story from Carolina Public Press, an award-winning independent newsroom. Our breakthrough journalism shines a light on the critical overlooked and under-reported issues facing North Carolina’s more than 11 million residents. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

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French school protests to continue, after prime minister ignores demands

Two-weeks long protests by French high-school students demanding better education conditions risk getting more heated due to the French government’s lack of response.

For his part, French prime minister Sébastien Lecornu told parliament on Wednesday (7 October) the first proposals on education reform would be published at the end of the month.

He spoke after 250,000 demonstrators took to the streets across the country on Tuesday (6 October), according to interior ministry fiigures.

But the High School Student Union (Union Syndicaire Lycéenne, USL) said the number was as high as 450,000, including solidarity protests in most universities.

Pupils, joined by parents, teachers, and labour unions, want an end to teacher shortages and urgent renovations of run-down school buildings.

“Today, the balance of power is in our favour,” said Marius Mesnil, the USL’s co-general secretary, on Monday. 

The secondary school teachers’ union (Syndicat National des Enseignements de Secondaire, SNES) also called Lecornu’s inaction “unacceptable.”

Some 715 police officers, 215 students and 85 school staff members have been injured during the protests, with 18 internal probes were launched to investigate police brutality since 21 September, when the movement first erupted, after being sparked by a teachers’ protest.

A school in Nantes, in the west of the country, was set on fire, and protesters regularly light trash bins and make barricades in city centres.

The minister of interior has suspended the use of stun grenades after a 15-year-old’s hand was blown off in a violent confrontation with police on Monday.

This article continues, but the full version is available only to EUobserver.com subscribers. Visit account.euobserver.com/membership

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Listen: Are student protests in France actually being fuelled by Mélenchon’s party LFI?

Production: By Europod, in co-production with Sphera Network.

EUobserver is proud to have an editorial partnership with Europod to co-publish the podcast series “Briefed” hosted by Léa Marchal. The podcast is available on all major platforms.

Find the full transcript below: 

France has been seeing growing protests by high school and university students in recent weeks.

The movement is continuing today with a fourth day of mobilisation. According to the government, the far-left opposition party is fuelling the protests. For Donald Trump, the movement is the result of mass migration and the presence of Islam.

But what are young people actually protesting about? High school students’ anger has been building for some time. One of the tipping points came in June, when temperatures inside many schools rose above 35 degrees. Many classrooms had no fans, let alone air conditioning.

And this happened in buildings that were already often in poor condition. Add to that the fact that absent teachers are frequently not replaced. The result was what you might call a general overheating — both literally and politically.

The government, meanwhile, has accused the left-wing party La France Insoumise (France Unbowed, or LFI) of fuelling the protests. Some commentators have even suggested that the movement was orchestrated by the party from the beginning.

There is little doubt that LFI is supporting the mobilisation and may be trying to benefit politically from it. But dismissing the protests as political manipulation risks ignoring problems that are well documented.

As sociologist and child psychiatrist Laelia Benoit recently told Le Monde, assuming that high school students cannot think for themselves and must necessarily be manipulated by adults or political parties is, in her words, a way of denying them their ability to act politically.

And many of their demands are supported by both parents and teachers. Teachers, for example, have long complained about the lack of replacements when they are absent.

This is supported by the latest PISA report on France: 87% of French students — as well as school principals — said their school’s capacity to teach was affected by a lack of teachers.

So young people are increasingly asking to be heard. Earlier this week, they put forward their demands, resulting in 10 concrete measures supported by both high school and university students.

Among other things, they are calling for a major programme to renovate schools, more staff, a guaranteed €1 meal at university canteens, and higher housing benefits and grants so that students can live with dignity.

So what is the government offering in response? France has opened an online platform in recent days where students can submit their demands. Prime Minister Sébastien Lecornu said yesterday that the platform had already received more than 40,000 contributions.

So for now, the government’s message is essentially: go back to class and submit your demands online. The prime minister then pointed to the additional €1 billion he has proposed for the education budget next year.

And as for more immediate measures, he announced five areas of work that should begin at the end of October. They include tackling teacher replacements, improving schools’ material conditions, reorganising school timetables, reforming the university admissions platform which appears to be a nightmare, and thinking about how to give high school students a greater voice.

Let’s see if that is enough to ease the protests.

  •  

How AI Replaced Me

For Oakland Review of Books, Stephanie Uchino-Beach writes about getting laid off at an education tech company that transformed into an “AI-first outfit.” As as customer success manager, she acted as a liaison to district administrators, school principals, and teachers. While AI could automate some of her tasks, what about the core responsibilities of her CSM role: building real relationships and understanding an educator’s needs? An AI sees data points, not people. This is a sobering read from a former tech worker living in the Bay Area, and an edtech company that has gone all in on AI and forgotten about its mission.

Before I went to work for Silicon Valley, I was a lot of things. A few jobs before this last one, I was an elementary school teacher in Chicago, helping kids learn to read, creating units, planning lessons, and buying supplies with my own money on the weekends, like countless other teachers around the country. I grew up on the Peninsula, and I made the move into Customer Success to get a job that would let me move home. Tech was never my dream; it was a means to an end. My dad studied computer science and still works in tech to this day and enjoys it, so it seemed like a satisfying and fruitful career was plausible. I figured that once I broke in, all my problems would be solved: I could get a house, have a kid, and fulfill every middle-class dream that had always felt slightly out of reach for a millennial like myself. 

And yet, job after job, I consistently left feeling unsatisfied. Unsatisfied by how I wasn’t growing and wasn’t developing my skills. Unsatisfied with poor managers who were just in the right place at the right time to be promoted but so often lacked the skills to provide the same success for their employees. Unsatisfied with how the products I worked on could do wrong by the communities we sold them to, even though every company said they were “mission-driven” and “put our customers first.” 

  •  

Pourquoi le chèque scolaire est la vraie solution aux problèmes de l'éducation

par Eric V.

« Manœuvre organisée par LFI et ses proxys de l'ultragauche », dit Matignon des quatre cents lycées bloqués. La France dépense 10 580 euros par an pour un collégien. À ses parents, elle accorde 61 euros de réduction d'impôt. Je propose l'inverse : l'argent aux parents, et qu'ils choisissent l'école.

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Soixante et un euros. C'est ce que le fisc accorde chaque année aux parents d'un collégien, au titre des « frais de scolarité ». Cent cinquante-trois euros pour un lycéen. Encore faut-il payer l'impôt sur le revenu : 46 % des foyers seulement sont dans ce cas. Les autres n'ont rien.

La même année, la France dépense 10 580 euros pour ce collégien, et 13 200 pour un lycéen de la voie générale. L'essentiel est payé par l'État et les collectivités. Sur cette somme, ses parents ne décident de rien : ni de l'établissement, que leur adresse désigne, ni des professeurs, qu'un barème affecte, ni du programme, qu'un bureau rédige. Soixante et un euros sur 10 580 : à peine plus d'un demi pour cent. C'est la part exacte de confiance que le pays leur fait.

Gardez ces deux chiffres en tête. Ils expliquent mieux les lycées bloqués que tout ce qu'on entend depuis quinze jours.

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« Une manœuvre organisée »

Le mouvement est parti le 21 septembre d'un lycée de Créteil. Dix jours plus tard, on comptait près de mille actions en une journée et environ quatre cents établissements fermés. Matignon a trouvé l'explication : une « manœuvre organisée par LFI et ses proxys de l'ultragauche ». Bruno Retailleau a renchéri : « Il y a cette jeunesse qui s'engage, qui veut éteindre le feu, et une jeunesse qui veut mettre le feu. » Philippe de Villiers, dans le Journal du Dimanche, a compté deux jeunesses lui aussi.

Éduquer, est-ce apprendre à obéir ou à innover ?
Philippe de Villiers ne voit que deux jeunesses. PISA 2025 : 458 en maths, −37 points depuis 2018. Éduquer, est-ce apprendre à obéir ou à innover ?

Entendons-nous sur les violences. Elles sont réelles, et rien ne les excuse : vingt-quatre établissements « incendiés ou saccagés », selon le ministre de l'Éducation, une centaine dégradés sévèrement, des proviseurs blessés. Mais comptez dans l'autre sens. La France a 3 700 lycées. Le ministre dénombre 735 établissements touchés par le mouvement. Restent, au bas mot, près de trois mille lycées où il ne s'est rien passé, et quelque six cents où l'on a bloqué sans dégât sérieux. Vingt-quatre sur 3 700 : moins d'un pour cent. Ce sont ceux-là qu'on nous montre depuis quinze jours, et l'on en tire le portrait d'une génération.

Que La France insoumise souffle sur les braises, je le crois volontiers, et 61 % des Français jugent qu'elle n'est pas dans son rôle. Mais souffler n'est pas allumer. Aucun parti n'a les moyens de fermer quatre cents lycées dans un pays où les élèves seraient contents d'y entrer. Le même sondage dit que 62 % des Français trouvent la mobilisation justifiée, et que les deux tiers ne se sentent proches ni de LFI ni du gouvernement.

Expliquer une colère par ceux qui l'exploitent, c'est une théorie du complot comme une autre. Elle a le même usage que les autres : elle dispense de regarder. Regardons donc.

Pour ses écoles, ses collèges et ses lycées, la France a dépensé 131,6 milliards d'euros en 2024, tous payeurs confondus. La dépense par élève du secondaire a augmenté de 70 % depuis 1980, en euros constants. Dans le même temps, les élèves français ont obtenu 458 points en mathématiques à l'enquête PISA 2025, trente-sept de moins qu'en 2018. Au collège public, une heure de cours sur dix n'est pas assurée, écrit la Cour des comptes. L'argent monte, le niveau descend, et les heures manquent.

Cet argent, où va-t-il ? L'éducation prioritaire coûte 2,6 milliards par an, deux fois et demie plus qu'en 2014. La Cour des comptes a constaté que 70 % des élèves défavorisés sont scolarisés ailleurs, et que la carte n'a pratiquement pas été revue depuis dix ans. Quant à savoir quel collège accueille quel public, le ministère le savait et le gardait pour lui. Il a fallu qu'un journaliste aille devant le tribunal administratif, en 2022, pour qu'il publie l'indice social de chaque établissement. Il refusait de crainte « qu'il ne serve d'outil au contournement de la carte scolaire ».

Reste la manière d'enseigner. Selon l'enquête TALIS de l'OCDE, 53 % des professeurs débutants jugent en France leur formation adaptée, contre 75 % en moyenne dans les pays comparables. On envoie devant des adolescents de 2026 des gens qu'on n'a pas préparés, puis l'on s'étonne.

Des moyens qui montent, des résultats qui tombent, un argent distribué à l'aveugle, des professeurs laissés seuls. Les lycéens n'ont pas eu besoin de Jean-Luc Mélenchon pour s'en apercevoir. Ils y passent leurs journées.

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Ce que le ministère ne peut pas savoir

Ces trois défauts n'en font qu'un, et Friedrich Hayek lui a donné un nom en 1988 : la présomption fatale. C'est l'idée qu'un petit nombre de gens instruits, réunis dans un bureau, en savent assez pour organiser la vie de millions d'autres mieux que ceux-ci ne le feraient eux-mêmes.

Hayek ne dit pas que ces gens sont sots. Il dit qu'ils ne peuvent pas savoir. Ce qu'il faut connaître pour éduquer un enfant n'est écrit nulle part : que celui-ci s'ennuie et que celui-là se noie, que ce professeur de mathématiques est remarquable et que cet autre est absent depuis novembre, que dans ce quartier il manque un lycée professionnel et dans ce bourg une classe bilingue. Cette connaissance existe. Elle est dans la tête des parents, des élèves, des professeurs, d'un proviseur. Elle ne remonte dans aucun tableau de la rue de Grenelle, ou alors dix ans trop tard : voyez la carte de l'éducation prioritaire.

Relisez maintenant l'affaire de l'indice social. Le ministère détenait une information utile aux familles, et il l'a cachée pour qu'elles ne s'en servent pas. Tout y est. L'administration ne se contente pas d'ignorer ce que savent les parents. Elle leur retire ce qu'elle sait, de peur qu'ils choisissent.

À le bien regarder, nous avons bâti l'école sur une hypothèse que personne n'oserait écrire : un rédacteur de circulaire connaîtrait mieux votre fils que vous. Sept ministres se sont succédé rue de Grenelle depuis mai 2022. Chacun est arrivé avec sa réforme, et aucun n'a touché à la règle du jeu, puisque la règle du jeu est justement qu'on décide d'en haut. On ne corrige pas une présomption en changeant le présomptueux.

L'autre voie, Hayek l'appelait l'ordre spontané : laisser décider ceux qui savent, et laisser l'offre se former autour de leurs décisions. Des écoles qui ouvrent parce que des familles en veulent. Des écoles qui ferment parce qu'elles n'en veulent plus. Personne ne l'a planifié, et c'est pour cela que ça s'ajuste.

L'argent suit l'enfant

Tout repose sur un constat d'une grande banalité : dans leur immense majorité, les parents veulent le bien de leur enfant. Pas tous, pas toujours avec discernement, mais plus sûrement et plus obstinément qu'aucune administration. Un recteur change de poste ; un père reste père.

Ils savent d'ailleurs très bien ce qui ne va pas. Interrogés par l'Ifop pour le Comité national d'action laïque, qui défend l'école publique, 93 % des parents jugent urgent d'y améliorer la sécurité et la discipline, et 88 % la qualité de l'enseignement. On ne leur demande pas leur avis. On leur attribue une adresse.

Le chèque scolaire retourne le circuit. Aujourd'hui l'État finance des établissements et y affecte des enfants. Demain il financerait des enfants, et les établissements viendraient les chercher.

Concrètement : on cesse de subventionner les écoles, et chaque famille reçoit pour chaque enfant un crédit d'impôt égal à la subvention moyenne par élève de l'année scolaire concernée. Un crédit d'impôt, et non une réduction comme les 61 euros d'aujourd'hui : ceux qui ne paient pas l'impôt sur le revenu, plus d'un foyer sur deux, le touchent quand même, et pour la même somme. Fléché, bien entendu : il ne règle qu'une inscription, dans l'école publique ou privée que les parents ont choisie. Et versé directement à l'établissement, comme l'Urssaf avance déjà le crédit d'impôt des emplois à domicile, pour que personne n'ait à sortir une pareille somme de sa poche.

Ce n'est pas une rêverie. La Suède le pratique depuis 1992 : la commune verse la même somme par élève à l'école municipale et à l'école indépendante, celle-ci est gratuite et ouverte à tous, et près d'un lycéen sur trois y est aujourd'hui inscrit. Les Pays-Bas financent à égalité écoles publiques et écoles privées depuis 1917, et les trois quarts des élèves y fréquentent une école privée.

Ce que le chèque ne règle pas

Je ne vends pas un remède miracle. La Suède se dispute depuis des années sur ses écoles indépendantes : notes gonflées pour attirer les familles, élèves qui se regroupent par milieu, et une partie de la presse française y voit un « anti-modèle ». Les syndicats d'enseignants objectent que l'école privée choisit ses élèves quand l'école publique les prend tous, et que le chèque ferait de celle-ci l'école de ceux dont personne ne veut. Ils désignent ainsi la règle qu'il faut écrire : une école qui encaisse le chèque ne trie pas à l'entrée.

Reste le supplément qu'elle pourrait réclamer en plus du chèque. La question se dispute. La Suède l'interdit. On peut aussi l'admettre, à condition que l'État ajoute au chèque des enfants pauvres une subvention de discrimination positive, pour que le prix ne leur ferme aucune porte. Les 2,6 milliards de l'éducation prioritaire, qui manquent aujourd'hui sept élèves défavorisés sur dix, suivraient alors l'enfant et non la carte.

Il y a aussi ce que le chèque ne peut pas faire. Dans un bourg qui n'a qu'une école, le choix reste sur le papier, au moins les premières années. Un parent qui ne s'occupe pas de son enfant ne s'en occupera pas davantage avec un crédit d'impôt, et pour celui-là l'État garde tout son rôle : l'obligation scolaire, l'inspection, l'examen national qui dit ce que l'élève sait. Et l'opinion n'est pas acquise. Dans le sondage que je citais, 60 % des parents voudraient que le privé soit payé par les seules familles. J'imagine qu'ils répondraient autrement si le chèque était dans leur poche et non dans celle du voisin. Je n'en ai pas la preuve.

Mais regardez ce qu'il change, et qu'aucune réforme n'a changé. Aujourd'hui, un collège où une heure sur dix n'est pas assurée ne perd pas un euro. Les familles n'ont aucun moyen de le lui faire savoir, sinon déménager ou payer deux fois, l'impôt puis l'école privée. Avec le chèque, l'établissement que les parents quittent perd ses moyens, celui qu'ils demandent en gagne, et le ministère l'apprend le jour même, sans rapport de la Cour des comptes, sans tribunal administratif, sans blocus.

L'information que la rue de Grenelle cachait aux parents devient ce qui fait tourner la machine. C'est en cela que la réforme est structurelle. Elle ne demande pas à l'Éducation nationale de se corriger, ce qu'elle ne sait pas faire. Elle change la main qui tient le carnet de chèques.

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Dernier mot

Reste nous. Le chèque scolaire a un prix que ses partisans annoncent rarement : il nous retire une excuse. Depuis quarante ans, nous confions nos enfants à l'État, nous nous plaignons de ce qu'il en fait, et nous votons pour celui qui promet des moyens. C'est confortable. Le jour où l'argent est dans notre main, il faut visiter, comparer, se tromper, changer, et ne plus pouvoir dire que c'est la faute du ministre. Je ne suis pas certain que nous en ayons tous envie.

Les lycéens de Créteil demandent des professeurs et des salles qui tiennent debout. On leur répond Mélenchon. On pourrait leur répondre ceci : plus de 13 000 euros sont dépensés chaque année au nom de chacun de vous, et ni vous ni vos parents n'avez votre mot à dire sur un seul.

Soixante et un euros de confiance sur 10 580, pour les parents d'un collégien. Commençons par inverser la proportion.

  •  

Israeli forces demolish Birzeit University’s martyrs memorial

At dawn on Monday, October 5, Israeli forces destroyed the martyrs’ memorial at Birzeit University. 

Basil Farraj, an assistant professor of philosophy and cultural studies at Birzeit University, told BreakThrough News that the Israeli forces came to the campus around a week ago to capture photos of the memorial, sparking suspicions that they may attempt to destroy it.

Farraj suggests that the removal of the memorial came as part of Israel’s broader efforts to erase the Palestinian people’s collective memory and entrench cultural, social, and political hegemony over them, specifically at Birzeit University, due to its pioneering role in the Palestinian struggle against occupation. 

“The assault on the memorial constitutes a cowardly attempt that will never defeat the resilience of the Palestinian collective memory. It also reflects the failure of the Zionist project in the face of the Palestinian people’s struggle,” he emphasized.

Meanwhile, the Right to Education Campaign issued a statement, condemning the offensive, and clarifying that it was carried out on the first day of the new academic year.

“The destruction of a memorial to student martyrs is an assault on our collective memory, and our right to remember, preserve our history, and honour those who are part of Birzeit’s story,” the statement reads.

“This attack comes within a broader pattern of scholasticide on Palestinian universities and the systematic disruption of academic life,” it continued.

The campaign urged “universities, academics, students, human rights organizations, and governments worldwide to demand accountability, protect Palestinian educational institutions, and take concrete action to defend the right to education and academic freedom.”

The university as a target

In recent years, the Israeli forces have intensified their crackdown campaign on Palestinian universities across the occupied West Bank. There has been a particular focus on Birzeit University in northern Ramallah due to its pioneering role in the Palestinian prolonged struggle against the occupation. 

Not only have prominent scientists, political leaders, artists, and journalists graduate from the renowned Palestinian institution, but it has also long been called the “University of Martyrs” because dozens of its students and graduates have been killed at the hands of the Israeli military. 

Countless students have been arrested and the university campus has faced frequent military raids since 2002.

Read more: IOF abducts four Birzeit University female students at dawn

  •  

Éduquer, est-ce apprendre à obéir ou à innover ?

Par Eric V.

Philippe de Villiers ne voit que deux jeunesses : celle qui brûle des cierges et celle qui brûle les écoles. Restent les trois mille six cents lycées qui n'ont fait ni l'un ni l'autre.

Il a dit : « Oui, il y a deux jeunesses. Celle qui brûle des cierges et celle qui brûle les écoles. »
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C'est propre, c'est rythmé, et c'est vide. Philippe de Villiers a accordé cet entretien au Journal du Dimanche le 3 octobre, en pleine vague de blocus lycéens. La France comptait alors environ quatre cents établissements fermés ou perturbés sur quatre mille, et les interpellations se comptaient en milliers depuis le 21 septembre. Devant cela, un homme d'expérience propose une clef à deux dents. Il ajoute « l'irruption de hordes barbares encagoulées », et convoque Hannah Arendt pour expliquer que chaque génération nouvelle est une invasion barbare qu'il convient de civiliser.

Reste à savoir où l'on range les trois mille six cents lycées où l'on n'a rien brûlé, et où l'on ne brûle pas non plus de cierges.

Contestation étudiante : la dangereuse stratégie de la répression
600 interpellations avant midi, 40 proviseurs blessés, et deux explications gouvernementales incompatibles en 24 heures. Devaquet, le CIP, le CPE : la leçon.
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Deux jeunesses, et aucune place pour la troisième

Le partage en deux a un charme : il dispense d'enquêter. D'un côté la ferveur, de l'autre la désespérance, et entre les deux rien — ni l'élève qui s'ennuie, ni celui qui travaille sans croire, ni celui qui code la nuit, ni celui qui monte une affaire à dix-neuf ans sans avoir jamais mis les pieds dans une église ni devant une poubelle en feu. La très grande majorité des jeunes Français ne figure dans aucune des deux cases. Une typologie qui laisse dehors presque tout son objet n'est pas une analyse : c'est une névrose maniaque déguisée en sociologie.

Et elle a un coût politique immédiat. Si la jeunesse se réduit à deux camps, l'éducation se réduit à un tri : récupérer les uns, contenir les autres. On n'éduque plus, on affecte. C'est le geste exact que ce journal reproche à l'État quand il range les gens par catégories de guichet ; il n'est pas plus recommandable sous une plume conservatrice que sous un tampon.

Admettons que la formule n'ait été qu'une formule. Reste le remède. Philippe de Villiers a conçu en 1977 un spectacle nocturne, joué pour la première fois en juin 1978, où des milliers de bénévoles rejouent chaque été l'histoire de la Vendée — deux mille six cents acteurs, quatre cent mille spectateurs par saison. Réussite considérable, que je ne lui dispute pas. Et, très exactement, un passé mis en scène par ceux qui l'ont perdu.

La question qu'on a le droit de lui poser n'est donc pas celle de ses intentions, qui ne m'appartiennent pas. C'est celle de son programme : que propose-t-il, concrètement, à un garçon de quinze ans de Créteil en 2026 ? S'enraciner où, dans quoi, pour y faire quoi ? Un pays peut se relever. Un pays peut aussi se visiter. Les deux demandent du talent et de l'argent, et ce ne sont pas les mêmes métiers.

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Ce que l'école française n'a jamais su faire

Avant de décider si l'éducation doit conserver, regardons ce qu'elle conserve en ce moment. La note de la DEPP publiée en septembre livre les résultats de PISA 2025 : la France obtient 458 points en mathématiques pour une moyenne de 463 dans l'OCDE, et 456 en compréhension de l'écrit pour une moyenne de 461. Par rapport à 2018, la chute atteint trente-sept points dans les deux disciplines — à peu près une année de scolarité évaporée en sept ans.

Retenez le détail qui suit, parce qu'il démolit un argument qu'on va me servir dans dix lignes. Dans la même enquête, la France obtient 497 points en résolution informatique de problèmes, pour une moyenne de 500. L'effondrement français est donc concentré sur les deux disciplines les plus anciennes, les plus codifiées, les plus traditionnellement enseignées du programme. Là où l'élève doit chercher, essayer, se tromper et recommencer devant une machine, il tient la moyenne. Là où il doit restituer, il décroche.

On me dira que c'est le numérique qui a creusé le trou, et l'on me citera Michel Desmurget, dont La fabrique du crétin digital a documenté en 2019 les dégâts des écrans sur les enfants — formule que Philippe de Villiers reprend à son compte dans l'entretien, sans nommer son auteur. L'objection est sérieuse, et sur son terrain, la consommation passive d'images par de très jeunes enfants, elle n'a jamais été réfutée. Seulement elle ne dit rien de notre sujet. Entre subir un écran seul dans sa chambre et résoudre un problème à plusieurs sur un réseau, il y a l'écart qui sépare regarder un match et le jouer. Et les chiffres de PISA ne désignent pas le clavier : ils désignent la dictée et le théorème.

Si l'école française échoue à produire de l'invention, ce n'est donc pas qu'elle ait cédé à la modernité. C'est qu'elle n'a jamais été bâtie pour ça. Le lycée est une création de 1802, le baccalauréat de 1808, et l'un et l'autre répondaient à un besoin précis : fournir à l'État des cadres capables de restituer un corpus avec élégance. Le concours, la dissertation, la culture générale, la hiérarchie des disciplines nobles et des disciplines utiles — tout cet appareil procède d'un idéal du dix-huitième siècle, celui de l'honnête homme, que la bourgeoisie du dix-neuvième a hérité de l'aristocratie et conservé avec une piété de légataire.

Or cet idéal porte en lui un mépris, et il faut le nommer puisque personne ne le fait : le mépris du commerce, du risque, de la main, de l'essai raté. Dans la hiérarchie française des réussites, celui qui a composé brillamment à vingt ans garde un avantage sur celui qui a créé quelque chose à trente. Nous avons bâti un système qui récompense la restitution et punit l'erreur, puis nous nous étonnons qu'il produise des gens prudents.

La preuve par l'autre bout : interrogés par PISA en 2022 sur la pensée créative, les élèves français obtiennent 32,4 points pour une moyenne de 32,7 dans l'OCDE. Le pays qui se raconte comme celui de l'esprit et de la finesse se situe, en matière d'invention mesurée, dans la moyenne des trente.

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La mutation ne réclame pas d'autres savoirs, elle réclame d'autres gestes

Ce qui change avec Internet, le travail en réseau et maintenant les modèles de langage, ce n'est pas la quantité de connaissances disponibles : c'est leur prix. Une information qui demandait trois heures de bibliothèque s'obtient en trois secondes ; une synthèse qui demandait une semaine s'écrit en une minute. Dans un monde où la réponse est gratuite, la valeur migre vers la question. Et vers tout ce que la machine ne fait pas : décider quoi chercher, juger ce qu'on a trouvé, travailler avec des gens qu'on n'a pas choisis, risquer une proposition que personne n'a validée.

Aucune de ces quatre compétences n'est évaluée par le système français ; elles y sont structurellement désavantagées. La scolarité française est verticale — un adulte parle, trente élèves prennent note — et solitaire : la note sanctionne un individu, la coopération s'appelle triche, l'originalité se paie d'un commentaire en marge. On apprend à l'élève que la bonne réponse préexiste à sa recherche, et qu'il s'agit de la retrouver. Excellente préparation à l'administration d'un pays stable. Préparation catastrophique à un monde qui bouge.

Faut dire que nous avons, dans cette affaire, la fierté qu'il ne faudrait pas. Nous admirons cette verticalité comme une rigueur, quand elle est d'abord une économie : une restitution se corrige au barème, une invention exige un jugement — donc des professeurs formés, nombreux, payés pour penser. Notre amour de la tradition scolaire est souvent, à le bien regarder, de la radinerie habillée en exigence.

La règle n'est pas l'ennemie de l'invention, elle en est la condition

Qu'on ne se méprenne pas : rien, dans ces lignes, ne plaide pour une école sans règles, sans effort et sans transmission. L'idée qu'il faudrait choisir entre la discipline et la créativité est une sottise — et une sottise que partagent, symétriquement, le pédagogue qui veut libérer l'enfant et le conservateur qui veut le dresser. Les deux croient que l'ordre vient du dehors. Ils ne discutent que de la dose.

Les modèles de personnalité dont la psychologie dispose depuis quarante ans — OCEAN, et sa version à six facteurs, HEXACO — permettent d'être précis. Le trait qui prédit le mieux la réussite scolaire et professionnelle n'est pas l'intelligence mesurée, c'est la conscienciosité : tenir un engagement, différer une satisfaction, organiser un travail long, revenir sur un ouvrage raté. Le trait qui prédit le mieux la production créative est un autre, l'ouverture à l'expérience. Et le point qui règle notre débat est celui-ci : ces deux dimensions sont indépendantes. On ne gagne pas l'une en cédant l'autre. Un individu peut être les deux, et les créateurs qui durent le sont presque toujours.

Ce que cela veut dire pour une école est simple, et très exigeant. Un enfant à qui l'on n'a pas appris à tenir une promesse, à finir ce qu'il a commencé, à supporter l'ennui d'un exercice et la honte d'une erreur n'innovera rien : il aura des idées, ce qui ne coûte rien, et il ne les mènera nulle part. L'invention n'est pas l'absence de méthode, c'est une méthode appliquée à l'inconnu. Un laboratoire est l'endroit le plus réglé du monde. Un atelier de peintre aussi.

Alors oui : il faut des horaires, des devoirs faits, des exigences non négociées et des adultes qui ne tremblent pas. Sur ce point, et sur celui-là seulement, les conservateurs ont raison contre trente ans de démagogie scolaire, et il serait malhonnête de ne pas l'écrire.

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Dernier mot

Reste la question décisive, celle que le partage en deux jeunesses sert justement à ne pas poser : cet ordre, qui le détient ?

Philippe de Villiers cite Arendt. Allons y voir. Le texte dont la phrase est tirée, La crise de l'éducation, dit bien que « le conservatisme, pris au sens de conservation, est l'essence même de l'éducation ». Mais il dit pourquoi, et c'est là que le raisonnement se retourne : « c'est justement, pour préserver ce qui est neuf et révolutionnaire dans chaque enfant que l'éducation doit être conservatrice ». La tâche est double, et réversible : protéger « l'enfant contre le monde, le monde contre l'enfant ». Et le même texte ajoute que cette attitude conservatrice, transportée du terrain de l'éducation à celui de la politique, « ne peut mener qu'à la destruction ».

On ne peut pas faire plus exactement l'inverse de ce qu'on invoque. Arendt conserve pour libérer le neuf ; on nous propose de conserver pour l'éteindre. Elle interdit de porter ce conservatisme en politique ; c'est précisément là qu'on le porte. La citation a été prise pour son autorité, non pour son contenu — définition d'un argument décoratif.

Car un ordre extérieur produit deux résultats, et nous les avons tous les deux sous les yeux. L'obéissance tant qu'on regarde — et nous sommes devenus experts en surveillance, de la caméra au contrôle continu. Et, dès qu'on détourne les yeux, la poubelle en feu devant le portail. Un adolescent qui ne tient à l'ordre que par crainte de la sanction n'a pas appris la discipline : il a appris le rapport de force, et il attend son tour.

L'ordre qui tient est celui qu'on s'est donné. Tout l'écart est là, entre un homme formé et un homme tenu. Et c'est pourquoi aucun pouvoir n'a jamais eu d'intérêt spontané à produire le premier : un adulte qui porte sa règle en lui-même ne requiert ni tutelle, ni guichet, ni surveillance, et il ne vote pas par reconnaissance.

Je nous mets tous dans le lot, et moi avec. Nous avons réclamé de l'école qu'elle produise de la conformité, parce que la conformité nous arrange : elle est calme, elle est lisible, elle ne nous oblige à rien. Nous avons appelé cela la transmission. Un enfant obéissant est un enfant commode, et nous avons confondu notre confort avec son éducation pendant deux siècles — en laissant trente-sept points de lecture et de mathématiques sur le trottoir.

Éduquer n'est donc pas apprendre à obéir, et ce n'est pas davantage apprendre à innover. C'est apprendre à s'obéir à soi-même, pour pouvoir changer le reste.

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